From to the total length of road under various road categories in Ratnanagar Municipality has increased from to kilometers Table 4. This drastic increase in road length within a period of six years was a result of increase in urban roads accompanying rapid urban expansion in agricultural lands of the RM with black topped road more than tripled percent , from 26 kilometers in to kilometers in With the advent of urban development and growth of the city, the road network too has expanded significantly.
Like to other cities in the country shows distinct urban settlement and land use pattern. The settlements were compact in nature in the central commercial area. At the same time, build human settlements at a location most suitable for urban development in terms of habitation and provision of urban infrastructures and services for enhancing the tourism palace Sauraha, Chitwan National Park. The area covered by different land use zones have been presented in a tabular form below. Table 5: land use pattern Total Area Till yet there is no any area that had its own characteristic feature of settlements either on residential, commercial or industrial area inside the municipality.
The annual population growth rate was 2. The average family size was 5. The population of ward no 8 has the maximum population and minimum with ward no 6. Among them are 11 primary, 31 secondary school, 3 higher secondary school and 4 colleges. According to the municipality report, Altogether there are 23 health institutions of which there are 4 hospitals, 1 sub health post and 18 clinics run by private ownership.
In the commercial sector there are shops, 1 plaza, 2 hotels and restaurants within the municipality premises. Inside municipality there are 58 cottage industries, 10 small industries and 8 of large scale. Till the date 5 industries were closed inside the municipality. For the recreational activities there are about five places used for. Tikaulai proposed for regional stadium, Panchakanya Community Forest and Milijuli Community Forest as picnic spot, Shantikunja Park and Laurighol land area are used for recreational purpose.
There are six government offices and 24 non-government offices inside the municipality. Also there is no any plan in the municipality for the waste processing facility in the coming future too.
The controlled dumping site of Ratnanagar Municipality was located inside the Panchakanya Community Forest of The waste is collected in two shift morning from 7 - 10 am and day from 2 - 5 pm ; in morning shift the waste of urban especially of city area is collected and in day shift waste of rural area is collected.
Lacking of testing facility of pollutant contaminate in near river body through leachate there creates gap to understand the impact on near biodiversity of Barandabhar Forest. For the control of wild animals into the dumping site area wire fencing should be done. Municipality also planned anther controlled dumping site near the current site.
The specific objectives of the study are as follows; 1. To identify the existing system of solid waste disposal, its trend and current management practices. To recommend the specific counter measure concerning the solid waste management system of RM.
Besides these generators; industrial as well as special waste generators are the other level in context with solid waste generation. Solid waste often called as the third pollution after air and water pollution and is that material, which arises from various human activities and is normally discarded as useless or unwanted. In the trend due to lack of sufficiency of land for practicing of composting in the household as well as municipality level; classified as organic and inorganic wastes.
Some of the types of solid wastes are described below. Arising high level of movement of population towards the centralize area with a change in lifestyle and food consumption scenario the amount and composition of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly with time. They include toxic poisonous or carcinogenic caustic, acidic, explosive, infectious and radioactive materials.
Such materials are sometimes called special waste because they require special handling and treatment. If wastes possesses any of the four characteristics attributes such as reactivity, ignitability, corrosivity and toxicity, it is defined as Hazardous. Ignitable substances are easily ignited and burn vigorously and persistently. Volatile liquids such as which vapors ignite at relatively low temperature. Corrosive substances include liquid with PH less than 2 or greater than Reactive substances are unstable under normal conditions.
They can cause explosive and liberate toxic fumes, gases and vapors when mixed with water. Toxic substances are harmful or fatal when ingested or absorbed. Municipal waste Residential Food waste, paper, textile, plastic, rubber, yard and commercial wastes waste, glass, tin cans, farms waste, demolition waste, road sweeping, etc. Institutions School, college, Paper, packaging materials, also containing Government and Private hazardous waste like metals, inks institutions etc 3.
Survey was conducted on the first day while composition of waste was segregated on the second day. A digital and portable weighing machine was used to measure the weight of individual and total waste generated from the different source and a bag with definite dimension was used to measure volume occupied by the waste. Procedure for the sampling of waste area as follows; a. Five representative wards were selected from a total of 13 wards in the municipality.
Systematic Right Hand Rule RHR principle was used for the selection of household in each ward with formulation of random walk method.
The survey was conducted on the first day and request for keeping the waste generated within 24 hours from 10 HHs in next day for the evaluation of composition, volume and density of the waste. The institutions were found to be aware about the solid waste management techniques than the households and the commercial areas because most of the was managed in their own premises through burning which was found to be worsening trend observed inside the municipality.
To understand the validity on the data collected through infield surveyor involvement and to overview the present waste generation and composition scenario ease to the reviewer in upcoming days; several visits were made to the waste collection and the final disposal sites to get the data and exact scenario observed there.
Additionally, numbers of photographs was taken along with to visualize the current happening situation. Involvement of such section in such assessment report can represent the counter measures concerning the solid waste management in the respective municipality.
All the photographs possible to click on activities are given in Annex F. Medical waste and industrial waste are out of scope of the study 2. Due to resource limitations, the samples are taken only once.
Besides these limitations, scientific design of the survey, its systematic implementation, detailed survey and analysis have made this study comprehensive and it reflects the existing solid waste management status of the municipality. During the collection of wastes, each and every sample was measured with the help of digital weighing machine after calibration.
The waste generated from household contribute its higher generation rate and organic waste dominate in amount and composition followed by plastics and papers. Slide 37 -. Waste Management 4 Deep-well Disposal Management of hazardous waste:. Slide 38 -. Slide 39 -. Waste Management Minimize adverse effects by: Reducing volume by evaporation, treatment, etc.
Slide 40 -. Waste Management Management of hazardous waste: 5 Incineration. Slide 41 -. Slide 42 -. Slide 43 -. Slide 44 -. Slide 45 -. Slide 46 -. Slide 47 -. Composting is a far better disposal method. Slide 48 -. As a result they accumulate in mountainous tire graveyards hazardous if ignited Westerly, CA power plant heats homes using tires Tires outperform coal as a heat fuel source.
Slide 49 -. Slide 50 -. Slide 51 -. Waste Management Radioactive Waste Management. Slide 52 -. Slide 53 -. Waste Management Heavier radiation is more damaging, but penetrates less Radioactivity. Slide 54 -. Slide 55 -. Slide 56 -. Slide 57 -.
Ideal sites have the characteristics listed in Fig Slide 58 -. Slide 59 -. Waste Management 1 In the geologic environment Stable bedrock Seismically stable and slow hydrologic flows Must be studied well and characterized geolically and hydrologically Predict behavior for future D climate, erosion, groundwater flow, etc. Political risk assessment Nuclear Fuel Cycle Methods of disposal of high-level radwaste:.
Slide 60 -. Yucca Mountain, Nevada. The other group collects the remaining hydroxyl group OH -. It is the process in which the most of organic matter upon heating in an oxygen free atmosphere splits through a combination of thermal cracking and condensation reactions into gaseous, liquid and solid fractions. It simultaneously involves the change of physical phase and chemical composition and is an irreversible process. So it is an endothermic process.
Incineration :. It involves of two stages involved such as drying and combustion. Drying and combustion may be accomplished either in separate units or successively in same units depending upon the temperature constraints or control parameter. It is an exothermic process. Fluidized bed incineration :. Solid waste generated from an industry contains only two components, X and Y as shown in the table below.
Component Composition Density. The Specific gravity of municipal solid waste M. W containing components 1 and 2 is calculated by,. Anaerobic digestion is the degradation of organic material by microbial activity in the absence of air transforming it into biomass and biogas, a mixture of methane CH 4 , carbon dioxide CO 2 , and some trace gases. The table shows the amount of different gases liberated:. Methane CH 4.
Carbon Dioxide CO 2. Nitrogen N 2. Hydrogen sulfide H 2 S. So main gases liberated are CH 4 , carbon dioxide CO 2 ,. The kitchen, wash basin and bathroom waste taken together is called sullage or sludge. Therefore, sludge does not consist of waste water from toilets. Mixture of water and liquid waste generated due to different activities in community is called as sewage. If sewage is generated due to domestic activities, called domestic sewage. If it is generated due to industrial activities it is called industrial sewage and if it is generated after heavy rain it is called drainage or runoff.
The mixture of Domestic sewage and industrial sewage is called sanitary sewage. Start Learning. Indore method Nagpur method Bangalore method Bhopal method. Get proficient with the Environmental Engineering concepts with detailed lessons on the topic Solid Waste Management among many others.
Decomposition takes Months Decomposition takes Months Mixing is ensure either Mechanically or manually No mixing is done. Land disposal Incineration Pulverisation Mechanical composting. Explanation: Landfill or Burying: Landfill refers to the disposal of waste material by burying it. It is an extended storage area for non-biodegradable waste. Composting It is a natural biological process , carried out under controlled aerobic conditions requires oxygen.
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